SEE SOCIAL

 Q1. Define human resource.

The ability to do any work skillfully is called human resource.

Q2. Name the types of human resource on the basis of skill.

Types of human resource based on skill are: unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled human resource.

Q3. Compare short and long term human resource in a sentence.

Short term human resource is prepared for short period of time while long term human resource is

prepared for a longer period.

Q4. Write full form of:

1. HRM: Human Resource Management
2. HRD: Human Resource Development

Q5. Write 4 characteristics of HRM.

4 characteristics of HRM are:

1. It conducts job analysis.
2. It develops efficiency of employees.
3. It provides training to employees.
4. It makes employees feel more valued.

Q6. Why skilled manpower is considered an infrastructure of development? Give reasons.

Skilled manpower is considered an infrastructure of development due to following reasons:

1. They have more knowledge and skill.
2. They can utilize available means and resources well.
3. They can improve in their specialized field i.e. doctor can help in health sector.
4. They fulfill needs of the country.
5. They can improve the living standard of people.

Q7. What plan has been made for HRD in our country?

Plans made for HRD in our country are:

1. To develop skilled manpower.
2. To maintain balance between demand and supply of manpower.
3. To focus on vocational and technical trainings.
4. Developing better technologies.
5. Making education job-oriented
6. To run programs for skilled HRD

Q8. How should manpower plan be prepared to upgrade our Country as developed country?

Manpower plan to develop our country should be prepared by considering and implementing following things: Analyzing manpower gaps.

1. Forecasting demand and supply of Human resources.
2. Analyzing manpower gaps.
3. Employment plan
4. Training.
5. Providing technical and vocational education.

Q9. What are the challenges in HRD in Nepal ? How can they be overcome?

The challenge in HRD in Nepal are:

1. Lack of requirement manpower.
2. Production of manpower doesn’t match with market demand.
3. HRD hasn’t reached remote areas.
4. HR policy is clear.

They can be overcome by following ways.

1. Job opportunities should be provided.
2. There should be balance between production of manpower and market demand.
3. Awareness programs on HRD should be conducted.
4. Good HR policy should be made.

Q10. Why is it essential to improve condition of HRD in Nepal?

It is essential to improve condition of HRD in Nepal due to following reasons:

1. To recruit manpower according to demand.
2. To manage additional employees.
3. To increase productivity of organization.
4. To improve skill and knowledge of employees.
5. To speed up development.

Q11. Write 2 differences between HRD and HRM.

HRD	HRM
It is a part of HRM.	It is called personnel management.
It develops skills and knowledge of employees to make them more valuable to organization.	It develops efficiency of employees.

Human rights and national and international agencies

Rights (Human rights): Any special legal claim or provision granted to all people of the the world according to international law (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) are called human rights.

Fundamental rights: Any basic legal claims or provisions granted to the a citizens of a country as per the country's constitution are called fundamental rights. They are also called civic rights.

Universal Declaration of Human rights: On 10th December 1948 AD, the UN General Assembly introduced the 30 articles of human rights. It is commonly known as universal  declaration of human rights.

Q1. Various national and international authorities concerned with human rights are working in Nepal for protection of human rights. Give short introduction and write their roles.

a. National Human Rights Commission: It consists of 5 members including a chairperson according to part 26. Members are elected on the recommendation of Constitutional Council. Its roles are:

1. Protects and promotes human rights.
2. Investigates violation of human rights and files case if needed.
3. Collaborates with civil society to create awareness.

b. INSEC: It has been working in sector of human rights and fundamental rights since 1988 AD. ItS objective was to protect rights of people of informal sectors. Its roles

1. Protects fundamental rights of people.
2. Publishes Human Rights Year book yearly.

c. Amnesty International: It is an international agency involved in sector of human rights. It was established in 1967 AD to conduct research and generate action to end abuses of human right. Its roles are:-

1. Demands justice for people whose rights were violated.
2. Mobilizes public opinion to put pressure on government that allows abuse.

Q2. Give introduction to Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

After end of WWII, world leaders decided to guarantee rights of every individual. Thus UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948 AD.

Q3. Differentiate between human and fundamental rights

Human rights	Fundamental rights
It is a widespread expression.	It is limited expression
It comes under international law.	It comes under national law.
It is similar in all countries.	It can differ in other countries.
International laws make human right & monitoring mechanism.	Constitution of country makes provision of protection and promotion of fundamental rights.

Q4.  "Fundamental rights are the human rights guaranteed by state to its citizens." Present its logics.

Any legal claims or privileges that are granted to human beings are called human rights. These rights can be exercised by every people of the world. As a human being we can practice human rights unhinderedly wherever we go. On the other hand, fundamental rights are granted to the citizens by a country according to country's constitution. To verify this fact, I want to present following logical point.

1. Firstly human rights are based on Universal Declaration of Human rights.
2. Secondly human rights are same all over the world.
3. Thirdly, fundamental rights are also prepared by taking reference from human rights.
4. Finally, we con find many similarities between Fundamental and human rights.

Hence, it can truly be said that fundamental rights are the human rights granted by the state, to its citizens.

Q5. How do you honour the individual or authority working to protect and promote human rights?

There are thousands of people, organizations and agencies in the world who work to protect, preserve and promote human rights. It is the responsibility of both citizens and government to honour such people & organization. In my opinion, they can be honoured appropriately in following ways:

1. Firstly, best people and organizations should be selected to reward them.
2. Secondly, contribution of such people and organization should be publicized through media.
3. Thirdly, new generation people should be encouraged to work for human rights.
4. Finally, human rights activists should be provided with an appropriate environment to work in the country for the government.

In this way, individuals and organizations can be honoured for their contribution in promoting human rights.

Q6. How is National Human Rights Commission constituted? What is its role in protection of human rights?

National Human Rights Commission is a constitutional organ of Nepal which is constituted with a Chairperson and 4 other members appointed by president on the recommendation of Constitutional Council for a term of 6 years.

1. Its role in protection of human rights are:
2. To respect, protect, and promote human rights and ensure effective enforcement thereof.
3. To inquire and investigate complaints of violations of human rights and makes recommendation to toke department and to file a case in the court in accordance with law.
4. To coordinate with civil society in order to enhance awareness on human rights.

Q7. Mention the contribution of Eleanor Roosevelt in declaration of human rights.

Eleanor Roosevelt the wife of the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to initiate concept of human nights. She was the Chairperson of the Universal Declaration of Human rights Rights drafting committee as well. So, she is also recognized as driving force for approval and issue of first Universal Declaration of Human Right from UN General Assembly.

Q8. Prepare a model of speech on "Right to personal freedom and self defense to every one is the foundation of human rights." 

Human rights are the legal claims or privileges that are granted to human beings. Universal Declaration of Human Rights had officially declared 30 rights according to UN General Assembly. Among them, right to personal freedom and self-defense is considered to be foundation of human rights. They are a general principle of law recognized by nations because they can be found in major natural law traditions of the world and all domestic criminal law systems.

People have right to do any work, form any organization as long as it’s not illegal. People have freedom to work and enjoy all of their other rights without harming other people. Without this freedom people would become slaves to their rulers and won't be able to enjoy other right too. It is also people's right to retaliate if their rights are being abused. But using a firearm is considered illegal in case of right to self-defense and even genocide. Still, this right gives the person power to protect themselves in danger.

Sustainable development

Q1. What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development means the economic development conducted without depleting natural resources.

Q2. What are the 4 dimensions of sustainable development according to UNESCO?

4 dimensions of sustainable development according to UNESCO are: social, economic, political and natural dimension.

Q3. When and which commission brought the concept of sustainable development?

Brundtland commission brought the concept of sustainable development in October 1987 AD.

Q4. What are the things to be considered for Sustainable development?

Things to consider for sustainable development are:

1. Utilization of resources
2. Development should be eco-friendly.
3. Future generation should be considered.
4. Conserving nature.

Q5. Write the advantages of sustainable development?

Advantages of Sustainable Development are:

1. Development is long lasting.
2. Conservation of environment.
3. Utilization of resources.
4. Higher economic growth.

Q6. Mention the objectives of sustainable development.

Objectives of sustainable development are:

1. To decrease poverty.
2. To save environment.
3. To maintain equality.
4. To attain high economic growth.

Q7. What are the aspects to be considered while running the projects according to concept of sustainable development?

Aspects to be considered while running projects according to concept of sustainable development are:

1. Political aspect
2. Social aspect
3. Economic aspect
4. Natural aspect

Q8. What should Nepal do for Sustainable development?

Nepal should do following things for sustainable development are:

1. Provide education to all.
2. Utilizing available resources.
3. Maintain political stability.
4. Provide job opportunities.

Q9. What are the problems and challenges of implementation of sustainable development in Nepal?

Problems of implementation of sustainable development in Nepal are:

1. Lack of manpower.
2. Lack of awareness.
3. Political instability
4. Social justice.

Q10. “Unmanaged development is destruction." Discuss.

Development is the progressive change in various aspects. It os also a dynamic aspect which increases the standard of living. For development, various means and resources must be properly utilized and also planning should be made for development. By managing and planning development activities, we can easily complete the project without over exerting natural resources. Management requires analysis, study, work, demonstration and data collection.

It helps us to get desired result and also protects the environment. Managed development is good but unmanaged one can cause problems. Unmanaged development can cause lang time to complete which will exhaust more amount of resources. It can also cause problems by frustrating people. It will also damage natural resources and also may not last as lang as managed one. Unmanaged development like Melamchi project can cause more problems and frustrations.

Q11. Prepare a dialogue on topic “need of sustainable development.”

(Shyam has just returned home after going out on his bike with his friends. His mother is preparing grains to dry when he enters hame and sits for a while)

Shyam: Hello! mom.

Mother: Hmm

Shyam: Mom, did you know about the bridge in Pokhara? It is said to have cracks.

Mother: Realty? It may be dangerous to cross there then. After all, all things get broken at the end.

Shyam: It's not about that. That bridge shouldn’t have been damaged so easily and early. It wouldn’t have happened if it was mare sustainable.

Mom: What's that?

Shyam: It means long-lasting development which is also eco-friendly.

Mom: So, how does it help our problems?

Shyam: Sustainable development is a concept mode to help in such conditions. It helps to develop with utilizing available resources while conserving the environment. It is practiced in various countries to increase standard of living.

Mom: So, why not here?

Shyam: Mostly due to political instability and lack of awareness but it can be changed. It con be done if all focus on development work together.

Mom: That's good. It was nice to learn new thing.

Human development index and Nepal

Q1. What is HDI? How is expressed?

HDI is the indicator that shows level of achievement of progress in 3 basic dimensions of human development in a given country i.e long-healthy life, knowledge and decent standard of life. It is expressed in value, 0-1.

Q2. What is the status of Nepal in HDI?

Nepal's status in HDI is improving gradually. Nepal had 0.46 score in 2012 A D and by increasing it every year, Nepal has reached rank 9th among 189 countries with score of 0.574.

Q3. Compare Congo and Denmark with Nepal in terms of HDI.

HDI of Congo is 0.45 which means it is less developed than Nepal with score 0.57 while Denmark is more developed with score 0.929.

Q4. What should be done for development of Nepal? Suggest 4 measures.

Any Four measures to develop Nepal are:

1. Providing quality education.
2. Utilization of resources.
3. Increasing job opportunities.
4. Making country politically stable.

Q5. What are the purposes of measuring human development?

Purposes of measuring human development are:

1. To identify condition of human development.
2. To compare development of counties.
3. To identify areas to be improved in it.
4. To bring improvement.
5. To make future goals and plans.

Q6. Mention 3 dimensions of human development? Write.

3 dimensions of human development are long-healthy life, knowledge and decent standard of life. Ways to calculate HDI dimension index.

Step 1 - LEI = L.E. of country-Minimum L.E /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$Maximum LE - Minimum L E

Step 2 - EI = [(Mean Year of Schooling/15) - (Expected year of schooling/18)]/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2

Step 3 - II = GNI of country-Minimum GNI /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ Maximum GNI - Minimum GNI

Step 4 - HDI = LEI x EI x II−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{LEI x EI x II}$

Q7. Suggest 5 ways to improve human development.

5 ways to improve human development are:

1. Expansion in health services.
2. Focus in development of education.
3. Modernization in agriculture.
4. Extension in industries.
5. Proper utilization of means and resources:

Q8. Show the ranking base of countries according to their score in a HDI table. What is is the status of Nepal in HDI rank?

HDI rank	Country	HDI score
1.	Norway	0.953
2.	Switzerland	0.944
3.	Australia	0.939
4.	Ireland	0.938
149.	Nepal	0.574
150.	Pakistan	0.562
189.	Niger	0.354

Q9. Calculate HDI

Rank	Country	LE at birth	Expected Schooling year	Mean year	GNI
1.	Norway	82.3	17.9	12.6	68012
5.	Germany	81.2	17	14.1	46136
149.	Nepal	70.6	12.2	4.9	2471
185.	Burundi	57.9	11.7	3	702
189.	Niger	60.4	5.4	2	906

For Norway,

 LEI = (L.E. of Norway - Minimum L.E.) /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$(Maximum L.E. - Minimum L.E.) = (82.3-20)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$(85-20) = 0.958

 EI = [(Mean Year of Schooling/15) - (Expected year of schooling/18)]/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2  =  (12.6/15)+(17.9/18)  /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2 = 0.917

 II = GNI of country-Minimum GNI /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ Maximum GNI - Minimum GNI = In(68012)-In(100)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ In(75000)-In(100) = 0.985

HDI  = LEI x EI x II−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{LEI x EI x II}$ = 0.958x0.917x0.985−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{0.958x0.917x0.985}$ = 0.953

For Germany,

 LEI = (81.2-20)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$(85-20) = 0.94

 EI =   (14.1/15)+(17/18)  /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2 = 0.94

 II = In(46136)-In(100)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ In(75000)-In(100) = 0.61

HDI  = LEI x EI x II−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{LEI x EI x II}$ = 0.94x0.61x0.94−−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{0.94x0.61x0.94}$ = 0.814

For Nepal,

 LEI = (70.6-20)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$(85-20) = 0.78

 EI =   (4.9/15)+(12.2/18)  /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2 = 0.5

 II = In(2471)-In(100)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ In(75000)-In(100) = 0.48

HDI  = LEI x EI x II−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{LEI x EI x II}$ = 0.78x0.48x0.5−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{0.78x0.48x0.5}$ = 0.57

For Burundi,

 LEI = (57.9-20)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$(85-20) = 0.58

 EI =   (3/15)+(11.7/18)  /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2 = 0.425

 II = In(702)-In(100)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ In(75000)-In(100) = 0.29

HDI  = LEI x EI x II−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{LEI x EI x II}$ = 0.425x0.29x0.58−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{0.425x0.29x0.58}$ = 0.42

For Niger,

 LEI = (60.4-20)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$(85-20) = 0.62

 EI =   (2/15)+(5.4/18)  /$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$2 = 0.217

 II = In(906)-In(100)/$\raisebox{1ex}{$$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$$}\right.$ In(75000)-In(100) = 0.33

HDI  = LEI x EI x II−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{LEI x EI x II}$ = 0.217x0.33x0.62−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√3$\sqrt[3]{0.217x0.33x0.62}$ = 0.35

 

Domestic violence and untouchability

Q1. What is domestic violence?

Violent behavior like beating, mistreatment and threatening between family members is called domestic violence.

Q2. What is your opinion regarding untouchability?

I think untouchability is a serious crime that should be banned.

Q3. Write 4 causes of domestic violence.

Four causes of domestic violence are:

1. Lack of awareness
2. Traditional beliefs
3. Illiteracy
4. Due to illegal relationship

Q4. Mention the effects of domestic violence and measures to control it.

Effects of domestic violence are:

1. Person may suffer from depression.
2. Person may commit suicide.
3. Loss of family prestige .
4. Breakup in relationship.

Measures to control:

1. Conducting awareness programme.
2. Gender equality.
3. Inform to concerned authority.
4. Peaceful discussion by maintaining humanity.

Q5. Prepare a dialogue on "Untouchability is a fault of society.”

(Ram and Shyam are in same room while scrolling down the newsfeed of facebook when Ram sees a post on how a person got beaten due to untouchability)

Ram: Did you see this?

Shyam: What?

Ram: About this person who got beat up as he was deemed 'untouchable’.

Shyam: That's So ruthless and barbaric.

Ram: I don't know why people still practice it. To be honest, I think us and society is also to blame.

Shyam: What? I don't think that all of us are to blame.

Ram: First hear me out. This custom only started when our society divided people into groups and considered some impure. I think that was totally in humane.

Shyam: But how're society to blame?

Ram: Society is to blame from moral point of view. Look, this was started by society but still hasn't stopped in many places. People still practice it. Our society is doing nothing to remove these traditional beliefs.

Shyam: Now, I know We should try to remove it!

Ram: Exactly

(Then they go back to using their mobile)

Q6. What does picture indicate? Mention effects of it.

The picture indicates domestic violence. Its effects are:

1. Causes family misunderstanding.
2. Decreases eagerness in person.
3. Loss of prestige.
4. Negative impacts on children.

Ongoing development projects in Nepal

Q1. What is development project?

When the project is completed within limited resources and given time, it is called development project.

Q2. What is “Projects of National Pride”?

“Projects of National Pride" are the development projects prioritized by Nepal Government to make distribution of resources effective.

Q3. What are infrastructures of projects?

The means and resource of needed for development to complete various projects are called infrastructure of projects.

Q4. How many projects have been considered as projects of national pride?

21 ongoing projects along with 2 newer ones have been considered as projects of national pride.

Q5. What should be done to complete ongoing projects of Nepal in pre-determined time frame?

Projects should be supervised and workers should be more diligent to complete such projects early.

Q6. Clarify the need of development project.

Need of development project are:

1. To develop country.
2. To develop infrastructure.
3. To help in economic growth,
4. To maintain balance of development between different regions.
5. To utilize natural resources properly.

Q7. Why are the Projects running in Nepal not completed within specified period? Write the reasons and solutions.

Reasons why projects in Nepal aren’t completed within specified period are:

1. Lack of good governance.
2. Political instability.
3. No commitment in work.
4. Corruption.

Solutions for these are:

1. Political stability.
2. Transparency in officiating works.
3. Projects should be supervised.
4. Good governance.

Q8. What is your opinion about domestic investment in projects?

Domestic investment in projects mean that projects will be funded by domestic organization and people. It is good as it'll give people the feeling of ownership and responsibility and increase their participation. It also helps to utilize money in a proper way while also utilizing the resources. By completing the project, both government and public will reap its advantages. It also decreases chances of corruption. But a flaw is that this investment may be less than the required investment.

Q9.  What advantages can Mid-Hills Pushpalal highway provide?

Mid hills Pushpalal highway can provide following advantages:

1. Helps to develop tourism, agriculture.
2. Connect 23 districts.
3. Improves transportation.
4. Creates job opportunities.

Q10. If you were a member of National Planning Commission? What project would you run in your province. Why?

If I  were a member of National Planning Commission. I would run hydroelectricity project in my province due to following reasons:

1. Nepal is rich in water resources.
2. More electricity can be generate.
3. We can export electricity.
4. We can use it to run industries.

Q11. Write positive effects of a Project of National Pride that is in operation in your province in 4 points.

Positive effects of Pokhara International airport are:

1. Use of available resources.
2. Improve tourism.
3. Improves transportation facility.
4. Increases job opportunities.

Rights of women and indigenous nationalities

Indigenous Nationalities: These people who have been living in a particular area of country since ancient time following specific culture, tradition, language and other aspects of social life are called Indigenous nationalities. Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS has enlisted 59 castes of Nepal as indigenous nationalities.

Positive Discrimination: Any process or act of providing special rights or privileges to backward people as per country's law or constitution is called positive discrimination.

Main stream of National Development: The process of developing a country by effective participation of people in development activities is known as main stream of national development. In this process, all people contribute for country's development as per their skill and ability.

Q1. “Rights of women cannot be established without promoting social status of women”. Present your logic.

Women are as equal as men for development. But currently, they are being dominated so that they are provided with women's rights. But they cannot be established without promoting social status of women due to following reasons:

1. In many places, women and men don’t have equal social standing.
2. Women are less respected in the society.
3. Women are given less opportunities. But if they have better status, they can show their skills properly.

Q2. What is rights of indigenous nationalities? Mention rights be acquired by indigenous nationalities.

Any legal claim or provision granted to indigenous people of a place are called rights of indigenous nationalities. Rights to be acquired by indigenous nationalities are:

1. Right to free and compulsory education.
2. Right to education in child friendly environment.
3. Right to preserve, promote their language and civilization.
4. Right to easy access to natural resources.
5. Right to basic education in their own mother tongue.
6. Right to special privilege for higher studies.
7. Right to respectful presence in various state bodies and inclusive representation.

Q3. What is meant by rights of women? Mention the provisions made in the constitutions, laws and policy making level to establish the rights of women.

Rights or legal claims/provisions granted to women to empower them is called rights of women. Provisions made in constitutions, law and policy making level to establish rights of women are:

1. Formation of National Women Commission
2. Participation of women in all state structures and bodies on basis of proportional inclusive principle.
3. Provision of special opportunity for women in education, health etc based on positive discrimination.
4. Citizenship certificate can be acquired in name of mother.
5. End of gender discrimination.
6. Equal rights of couple in affairs of property and family.
7. Provision of woman rights for safe motherhood and reproductive health.

Q4. Who are Indigenous Nationalities ? Mention efforts made by state to establish rights of indigenous nationalities.

Indigenous Nationalities means a tribe or community as mentioned in schedule having its own mother tongue and customs, distinct culture, social structure and a history. Efforts made by state to establish the rights of indigenous nationalities are:

1. Establishment Indigenous Nationalities Commission. Provision of getting basic education in mother tongue.
2. Provision of scholarship.
3. Management of curriculum, text books, teaching and learning materials to provide education in mother tongue.
4. State has taken principle of participation for equal access and opportunity in various state bodes.

Q5. Discuss about measures for women empowerment?

The process of making woman equally capable in every aspects to that of men is called women empowerment. Constitution has granted equal rights to both men and women. But in ground reality, women are under privileged in many ways. It is necessary to empower women to make them able to compete with men. In my opinion, following measures should be taken by government:

1. Firstly, there should be provision of special rights to under privileged women. E.g, right to education, employment etc
2. Secondly, all Sorts of gender discriminations should be ended.
3. Thirdly, all the discriminatory laws should abolished.
4. Finally, joint effort of both government, NGOs and INGOs should be made.
5. In this may, women empowerment can be assured.

Q6. “It is the right of indigenous nationalities to get basic education in mother tongue.” Present your opinion.

Indigenous nationalities are the tribe or people living in particular area with specific culture and tradition.There people have their own mother tongue which they’ve been speaking from birth. It is right of indigenous nationalities to get basic education in mother tongue due to following reasons:

1. This helps to maintain lingual- diversity in our country.
2. Mother tongue is our distinct culture. So, by using it in education we can protect our distinct language and culture. Researchers have also found that studying in mother tongue increases congenial ability.
3. It also helps the people to grasp or know more about the language.
4. It also increases people creativity.

 

 

Our national heritage

Q1. What heritage? What does it reflect?

Heritage are the valuable object, arts etc that have been passed on from generation to another. It reflects our culture, identity and pride.

Q2. What are the natural and cultural heritage of Nepal listed in the world heritage sites?

Natural and cultural heritages of Nepal listed in the world heritage sites are: Sagarmatha National park, Chitwan National Park, Lumbini, Pashupati Area, Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, Bauddhanath Mahachaitya, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Changunarayan temple and Swayambunath stupa.

Q3. Why are different countries constructing Bihars in Lumbini Area?

Different countries are constructing Bihars in Lumbini Area to contribute of Nepal's development, to show respect and to promote peace.

Q4. Why are the heritages considered as precious wealth of nation?

Heritages are considered as precious wealth of nation due to following reasons:

1. Source of national income.
2. Source of tourism.
3. Source of foreign currency.
4. It reflects our culture.

Q5. Make a list of roles to be played by students and community in protection of National heritages.

Roles to be played by students and community in protection of National heritages are:

1. Manage programmes to clean heritage sites.
2. To run awareness programmes.
3. Promoting national heritage by conducting fair.
4. By donating.

Q6. Mention the feature of Bhaktapur Durbar Square.

Features of Bhaktapur Durbar Square are:

1. It is a palace of Malla kings.
2. It is located in Bhaktapur district.
3. It contains artistic features like Pachapanna Jhyale Durbar, museum, art gallery etc.
4. It is among the biggest durbar square in Nepal.

Q7. Prepare an article on any heritage of Nepal enlisted in the world heritage which have visited.

Bhaktapur Durbar Square

Bhaktapur Durbar Square is the royal palace of old Bhaktapur kingdom, 1400m above sea level. It is a UNESO World Heritage Site. It is located in current town of Bhaktapur also known as Khwopa, lieing 13 km east of Kathmandu. It is a highly visited site in the valley. It includes major attractions like vatsala temple, statue of Bhupatindra Malla, Nyatapola temple, Lion’s Gate etc. It also contains temples like Rameshwor temple, Gopi Nath temple etc. It houses 55 Window Palace and was royalty until 1769 BS. It is surrounded by spectacular architecture of Newari artists. It was severely damaged by earthquake in 1934 AD.

Q8. Write a letter to representative of UNESCO to enlist a heritage of your community in world heritage list and mention reason for it.

Airport, Pokhara.

Date: 2077-1-28

To UNESO Representative,

UNESCO,

Paris, France

Subject: To enlist a heritage in World heritage list.

Respected sir,

I am a resident in a city of Pokhara of Nepal. I am writing this letter to include a local heritage i.e. Taal Barahi temple on World Heritage list. The temple is a famous tourist destination with significant importance in this city and country. I think it is qualified to be included in the list aa its unique geographically, it is located in the middle of a big lake and also shows special architecture and beauty of a place surrounded by lake and hills.

It is a pagoda style temple devoted to Shakti, a Hindu mother goddess. It is believed that Shakti in the form of Durga protect from demons while defeating Ajima. It has a long history with people. Original structure of temple is made of stone and thatched roof. It has a dramatic beauty as it lies on an island in Fewa lake. It also has its own legends and provides living for people in the surroundings. So, due to its uniqueness I hope you’ll fulfill request of people of this city.

Yours sincerely,

Hari Kumar

 

 

 

 

 

Folk songs of Nepal

Q1. Define folk song.

Folk song is a traditional song originating among people and has been passed down from one to next generation.

Q2. What type of song is Tamang selo ?

Tamang Selo is a traditional to Tamang song.

Q3. Name any 2 folk songs and community related with them.

Palam song - Limbus

Kaura - Magar

Q4. Give introduction to Deuda song.

Deuda song is a folk song of Nepal. It is mostly sung in sudurpaschim Province of Nepal on the occasion of different festivals.

Q5. Write a paragraph of a folk song you know.

Tamang selo is a folk song. It is a genre sung by Tamang people and widely popular among Nepali Speaking community too. It is usually accompanied by Tamang instruments Damphu, Madal. It is catchy song used to express our feelings.

Q6. Folk songs represent contemporary society. “Present your opinion in 4 points”

Folk songs represent contemporary society by following ways:

1. They originate according to our lifestyle.
2. They reflect our culture.
3. They provide fields for research.
4. They bring social harmony.

Q7. Suggest any 4 effective ways to preserve and promote folksong.

Four effective ways to preserve and promote folksong are:

1. By conducting folk song competitions.
2. By awarding folk artists.
3. By establishing folk singing academy.
4. By launching awareness programme.

Q8. Write a dialogue on topic "Falk songs are our fundamental identity.”

(Hari is getting ready to go an a cultural function while wearing his Gurung dress when he meets Ram)

Ram: Hello.

Hari: Hi, man.

Ram: What’re you doing wearing these clothes? They look very troublesome.

Hari: I'm going to a cultural program. So, I'm wearing them but they re not a problem.

Ram: Oh! You sure have interests in such things. You even sang a folk song in the competition.

Hari: Yes, I do. Folk songs and culture are good. You should know importance of folk songs.

Ram: What are their importances?

Hari: You don't know? They reflect our culture, history and lifestyle. They also promote our diverse culture. These songs were sung by our forefathers and still today to express their feelings. They're nice to listen. They can also be researched and such songs attract tourists as well.

Ram: So, they’ve quite importance.

Hari: Yes they are but they are being neglected nowadays. We should try to improve them.

Ram: I understand your point. I’ll also spread awareness about this. I will go. Bye.

Hari: Bye

Human trafficking: A social problem

Q1. What is social problem?

In the course of development, society faces many problems like superstition, drug addiction etc are called social problem.

Q2. Why is human trafficking increasing nowadays?

Human trafficking is increasing nowadays as it is illegal and violates human rights.

Q3. Why is human organ trafficking increasing nowadays?

It is increasing nowadays due to increasing need for transplantation, illiteracy and poverty.

Q4. What legal provision has been made for compensation to victim of human trafficking?

20 years imprisonment for traffickers and Rs 2,00,000 as compensation to victim of human trafficking.

Q5. Mention any 2 organizations working to solve problem of girl trafficking.

2 organizations working to solve problem of girl trafficking are: Maiti Nepal and Didi Bahini

Q6. Prepare a slogan against human trafficking.

Fig: slogan against human trafficking

Q7. Why is human trafficking increasing in our society? Analyze.

Human trafficking is increasing in our society due to following reasons:

1. Due to poverty.
2. literacy.
3. Due to domestic violence.
4. Due to lack of awareness programmes.
5. Due to lack of strict rules.

Q8. What are the reasons of girl trafficking? Mention.

Reasons of girls trafficking are:

1. Illiteracy
2. Poverty
3. Lack of awareness programme
4. Lack of strict laws.
5. Due to sluggish border security.

Q9. How can human organ trafficking be controlled ? Write in points.

Human organ trafficking can be controlled in following ways:

1. Increasing health consciousness.
2. Making poverty alleviation programs.
3. Being aware of it.
4. Appointing caretaker for patients.
5. Watching over victims and culprits.

Q10. Nepali society faces human trafficking in various forms and for various purposes. What are its effects?

Effects of human trafficking are:

1. Loss of life.
2. Increase in criminal acts.
3. Lack of feeling of social security.
4. Violation of laws.

Q11. Mention the legal provision of punishing the offender of human trafficking and transportation act.

Legal provision of punishing the offender of human trafficking and transportation act are: 20 years imprisonment and a fine of Rs 2,00,000 for selling or buying a human being.

Q12. “Human trafficking is a serious social problem.” Explain.

Human trafficking is the trafficking of human illegally for various purposes like sex, Slavery, labour, organ transplant etc. It increases anti-social elements in society. It disturbs peaceful environment in the society. It also negatively affects life of victims, mostly children and women. It increases domestic and social violence which indirectly hamper  society’s development.

Nepali Political events from 2007 BS to 2017 BS

Promulgation of "Interim Government Act of Nepal ,2007"

According to Delhi Agreement, a coalition government of Nepali congress and Rana was formed . This cabinet passed the "interim Government Act of Nepal ,2007 " on 17th chaitra ,2007 BS. It is the first Democratic Constitution of Nepal. 

Conflict in Interim cabinet

The coalition government could not work smoothly as there was always conflict between Ranas and Congress. After the murder of Chiniya Kaji,a student leader in 2008 BS,Nepali congress and Ranas blamed each other. On one hand Ranas intention was to re establish their old regime and on the other hand Nepali congress could not work properly .So on 25th of Kartik 2008 BS,all the cabinet member of Nepali congress resigned and the cabinet member of Ranas were compelled to resign and the interim cabinet was dissolved.

The students held a huge mass rally in Kathmandu against the entry of the Indian army inside Nepal, against anti-people laws and on some glaring questions of the time. Besides thousand of students, it was attended by large cross-section of workers, peasants and other classes. Mad at their anti-people plot being laid; bare, the Home Minister of the Rana-Congress Coalition Government, B.P. Koirala coldly ordered the armed police to charge on the peaceful rally. One of the students' leader Chiniya Kaji was ruthlessly murdered and several other students were injured. 

Single party Government of Nepali congress

After the resignation of Mohan Shumsher, a 14 member cabinet was formed by King Tribhuwan under the chairmanship of Matrika Parsad Koirala .This cabinet has to fulfill following responsibilities:

1) To establish independent judicial department,
2) To implement the provision of public service commission effectively,
3) To hold the election of Constituent assembly within the year of 2009 BS.
4) To ascertain the civil rights of the people. 
 

Some important feature of this constitution

1) There were the provision to establish legislature of people's representatives and directive principles (State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions under which the citizens can lead a good life.)

2) Civil rights(the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.) of the citizen were also defined in this constitution.

3) There were the provision of the supreme court ,public service commission and Advisory council.

* Various political parties and organization like Praja Parisad, Communist party of Nepal etc had formed United Democratic Front and were demanding to form new party Government.
*At the same time Dr.K.I Singh started to revolt against these Government over the issue of nationalization of Rana’s property .He was imprisoned in Singh Durbar and he was freed by his supporters.
*Bhim dutta Pant-raised the voice for land ownership.

*Nepali congress party B.P. Koirala opposed Matrika parsad Koirala saying that one person cannot hold two post at the same time that is as party president and acting prime minister. 

Advisory Government

King Tribhuwan again formed a five member advisory government on 30th Shrawan 2009 Bs with the intention of direct rules. This Government was also criticized inside the country and by the government of India as well(due to power vested in the hand of the king)."Peasants Revolt" started in the eastern part of the penal in the leadership of Nepali congress .As the Government administration could not work properly it was dissolved on 2nd Ashad ,2010 BS

Sole government of Nepal Praja party

After the internal conflict within the party Matrika Parsad Koirala splited from nepali congress and opened the political party named Nepal Praja party. King Tribhuwan formed another cabinet of five members under Matrika Pd.Koirala on 2nd ashad 2010 BS.

Multiparty coalition Government

Nepali National Congress and People's congress joined in the government of Nepal Praja party and formed the multi party coalition government under the premiership of Matrika Pd. Koirala in falgun, 2010 BS. This Government also could not exist for the long period because of the protest on Koshi Project Agreement, entry of India army with weapons on Nepal. Murder of Bhim Dutta Pant in Dadeldhura. These government was dissolved on 19th Falgun ,2011 BS.

Direct rule of Mahendra and Advisory Council

After the death of KingTribhuwan on 30th Falgun2011 BS, Mahendra became the
King of Nepal .King Tribhuwan formed the advisory council of the five member under the chairperson ship of Gunjaman singh on 1st Baishakh ,2012 bs and started direct rule in Nepal.

Government of Praja Parishad

On 13th Magh 2012 BS, another government was formed under the premiership of Tanka Parsad Acharya ,the president of Praja parishad.There were five members in the cabinet inculding 3 independent members.Because of inability to hold the general election ,extreme economic crisis ,efforts to ban on newspaper etc the government was dissolved on 31st Ashad ,2014 BS.

Government of Dr. K.I. Singh

Dr. K.I. Singh was living a vanished life in China .King Mahendra called him and formed a government of 11 members under his premiership on 11th Sharwan 2013 BS but these government could not exist for the long time and was dissolved on 29th Kartik,2014 BS

Direct Rule of King Mahendra

King Mahendra started his direct rule from 29th Kartik,2014 BS to 2nd Jestha ,2015 BS.King Mahendra formed a consitition Drafting committee of 5 members under the chairmanship of Bhagawati Pd. Singh including some foreigners on 3rd Chaitra 2014 BS.

Interim Consitution of Survana Shumsher

When the election was announced to be held on 7th Falgun,2015 BS, an interim cabinet was formed under the chairperson ship of Survana Shumsher on 2nd Jestha,2015 BS .1st general election of Nepal was held from 7th Falgun,2015 BS.

First General Election and First elected government

First election of parliament was held from 7th Falgun,2015 BS for 109 seats .There were 9 political parties participating in the election. The final result of the election was announced on 28th Baishak,2016 BS. According to the result ,Nepali Congress won 74 Seats in the election and formed the government. B.P. Koirala became the first elected
prime minister of Nepal and Krishna Pd. koirala became the first elected Speaker of the parliament.

Through NIDC (Nepal Industrial Development Corporation) establishment of industries was encouraged.
Social Development
1. The Radio Nepal started its broadcasting service.

2. Establishment of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus, the first women college of Nepal in Bagbazar.
3. Paropakar Anathalaya was established by Dayabir Singh Kansakar.
4. Many English medium schools were established. Similarly, the number of schools reached 4191 whereas, during Rana regime, the number of schools was only 335.

5. Supreme Court was established.
6. Law college was established.
7. Tribhuvan University was established.
8. Nepal became a member of the United Nations Organization (UNO).
9. The first elected government under Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (B.P. Koirala) was formed. 10. Nepal maintained diplomatic relations with many countries.
11. Multiparty democratic system was practiced.
12. The first democratic constitution was formed.

Citizen identity and citizenship

Citizen: A person who is a permanent resident of a country is called citizen.

Nationality: Any emotional or sentimental relation a person towards his/her motherland (country by birth) is called nationality. It is also called citizen identity.

Citizenship: A legal status of a person being the citizen of a country according to country’s constitution is called citizenship. In other word, it is a legal identity granted by a Country to its citizens as per country's constitution

Acquisition of citizenship: All the legal procedures to be fulfilled to obtain the citizenship of a country is called acquisition of citizenship.

Citizenship by Descent: If a person obtains citizenship of a country on the basis of his/her parent's citizenship of that county, such citizenship is called citizenship by descent.

Naturalized citizenship: If a person obtains the citizenship of a county by matrimonial relationship with a foreigner (male or female) such citizenship is called naturalized citizenship.

Honorary Citizenship: A special type of citizenship granted to any foreigner who contributed to glorify the name of a country is called honorary citizenship.

Q1. What is the difference between Citizenship by Descent and Naturalized citizenship?

There is provision of citizenship by descent and naturalized citizenship in citizenship of Nepal 2032 B.S. There are few differences between these provisions. They ore tabulated as follows:

Citizenship by descent	Citizenship by Naturalization
This type of citizenship is obtained by a person of his/her parents have Nepali citizenship.	This type of citizenship is granted to foreigners who establish marital relationship with Nepalese citizen.
A person who born in Nepal from women having Nepali citizenship also can obtained this citizenship.	Any child who is born in Nepal from foreign parents can obtained this citizenship.
Any child who is found in territory of Nepal whose parents are not identified can also obtain this citizenship.	A child born from Nepal women whose husband is foreigner con obtain this citizenship.
A person whose parent had Nepali citizenship during his/her birth.	A child born from Nepali women whose father is not identified can also obtain it.

Q2. The person who acquires the Non-Resident Nepalese citizenship can’t enjoy all the rights. Should they be limited within rights given to them or not?

Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS has made provision of citizenship for Non-Resident Nepalese (NRN) but NRN citizenship holder can exercise only a limited right according to constitution. In my opinion, i want to present the following reasons:

1. Firstly, the NRNs have the permanent citizenship of foreign
2. Second, they enjoy all the fundamental rights of their residing country.
3. Thirdly, they don’t stay in Nepal far a long time. They comes/visit Nepal for a short duration.
4. Finally, exercising the limited rights, they can meet their relatives, can invest and open organizations. Hence, limited right to NRNs is sufficient in my opinion.